Figure 2: Dependence of spectrally integrated output energy of Kα emission on pump pulse energy. Here, XFEL pumping pulses excite Cu atoms from the ground state to the upper level (single vacancy of ...

A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. This has made it possible to observe the interaction of ...

A study suggests atoms can bond not only with electrons in their outer shells, but also via those in their supposedly sacrosanct inner shells Most of us learned in high school chemistry class that ...

In addition to adding strength, this design allows the structure to use its crack patterns to minimize damage into the inner shell. Ling Li, an assistant professor in mechanical engineering at ...